• Within the ordinary course of the medical profession, the victim must prove that there was a causal connection between the physician’s behavior and the loss incurred. He must also show that the physician’s act was by its own nature easily executable, which implies culpa laevis, to be presumed existing whenever the court finds that the patient’s condition got worse as a result thereof. In such case, the physician may however prove that this action was performed with diligence.
• In the case of routine operations, medical professionals are basically subject to strict liability. If the operation is particularly complex, courts refer to the gross negligence principle, but call for a high level of professional due care and attentiveness.

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